Física, substantivo feminino

Brenda Toledo

Obs.: The word "Physics" in Brazil is a feminine noun, but this does not occur in the English

language, so I left the title in my native language to give the sense that physics is also a place for

For a long time, science was a territory restricted to men, and the women who dared to challenge that

logic had to prove their worth twice as much. Brazilian science is still marked by gender inequalities,

especially in the exact sciences, such as physics. However, despite these structural barriers and

challenges, the female presence in physics is a reflection of resilience and talent, and these women

have been gaining space and recognition in the country.

Sônia Guimarães, the first Black woman in Brazil to earn a PhD in physics, proves that female

strength can lead to extraordinary achievements. Sônia graduated in physics from the University of

São Paulo (USP) and became a professor at the Aeronautics Institute of Technology (ITA), a

historically male-dominated space. Her journey and accomplishments inspire many girls today,

encourage Black girls in science, and demonstrate how her work—and that of many other

professionals—is essential in combating racism and academic sexism.

According to research conducted by the University of São Paulo, women currently make up about

55% of postgraduate students; however, when it comes to STEM fields (science, technology,

engineering, and mathematics), the proportion of women drops significantly—for example, only

40.7% of female postgraduates at USP are in these areas, revealing persistent gaps. The reasons for

this vary, but inequality in leadership positions, research grants, and scientific recognition only

intensify the discouragement faced by young women. Cultural barriers, prejudice, and the lack of

encouragement in schools also help explain the low rates of female participation.

The achievements of women in Brazilian physics demonstrate the strength and perseverance of

those who have defied prejudice and transformed the history of national science. Nevertheless, it is

still necessary to break down the barriers that limit access and recognition for these researchers in

this and other fields. Valuing the female presence in science means promoting incentive policies,

sharing inspiring examples, and building more equal and welcoming environments. Thus, the future of

physics in Brazil may truly reflect the potential of a science made by everyone and for everyone.